A Powerful Ct Scan Machine: MRI

MRI is the abbreviation of magnetic resonance imaging. It is an imaging technique which used the process of radiology that shows detail internal structure. It uses a powerful magnetic field which helps to line up certain magnetizations of some atom inside the body. MRI is a kind of scanning machine that is used to scan the internal organs of the brain or the head, heart, muscle, cancer etc. it is useful particularly for these types of organs in the body. Though we know that other medical techniques which involve the imaging processes like ct scan, x-ray etc are all old techniques that uses ionizing radiation technique. But MRI used no ionizing technique. 

MRI machine uses a transmitter of radio frequency that can be used in producing the electromagnetic field. Generally the photons in this field are called the resonance frequency. As the duration and the intensity of the application of field increases, aligned spins have been affected. When the field has turned off, the protons generally decay in the spin-down position and the disparity in energy in between these two states are released as photons. Generally these are the photons that generate electromagnetic signals which the scanner helps to detect. 

The strength of magnetic field generally depends on the frequency the protons usually resonate. It produces conversation energy that helps to dictate the frequency of released photon. The photons are released and produce a magnetic energy. It produces a conversation of energy that helps to detect the imaging device.

MRI is generally a type of the medical test which is non-invasive. It helps the physicians to diagnose any major disease. It uses a magnetic field that produces a clear picture of the internal organs of the body. It produces detailed images soft issues, organs, bones etc. the images are generally examined through the monitor that is transmitted electronically. After that you can bring out the print through the printer or you can load it into a CD.

Ct Scans New Revolution In Detection And Treatment

Conventional x-ray technique uses an x-ray machine which focuses radiation beams on the effected area of the body to produce 2D images on a film or digital detector. CT scans use x-ray machines which rotate around the body and the output is shown on a computer. The images of the internal parts of the body come in cross sectional mode like slices. Most of the doctors prefer CT scan over conventional x-ray for many reasons. Some of them are:

Conventional x-ray of a body part shows the bones and the overlapping outlines of softer parts like liver, heart, stomach, intestines, kidney and so on whereas a CT scans clearly show the bones and organs with the inner structure with a detailed anatomy of the pancreas, kidneys, blood vessels, adrenal glands etc. CT scan also helps in diagnosing bone and muscle disorders like tumors and fractures, pinpoints the location of the tumor, infection and blood clot, guides in surgeries, biopsy and radiation therapy, detects and monitors cancer and heart diseases and detects minor injuries & internal bleedings.

In the process of CT scans, the patient lies on a table in a doughnut shaped machine named gantry. The machine has an x-ray tube which rotates around the body and transmits small quantity radiation through the various angles. Different tissues of the body absorb different quantity of the radiation as the x-rays pass through the body. The detectors measure the radiation and convert the radiations in electrical signals. The powerful computer which is attached to the machine gathers the signals and assigns a color to them which depend on the intensity of the signal. Finally the computer assembles these images and shows on the monitor.

CT scans help in quick diagnosis. Those who want to be diagnosed quickly can take help of CT scan which works on renal-colic-study principle. The standard procedure is followed for immediate diagnosis of kidney pain and other types of problems in human body. CT scans are much costlier than conventional x-rays but a CT scan reveals what an x-ray can not and helps in quick treatment in a proper way.

Hgh Human Growth Hormone

All Natural Human Growth Hormone Spray Provides a Fountain of Youth

Levels of human growth hormone drop off when adults reach their 30s. The drop off in the level of this hormone has been attributed to accelerating the aging process. While the human growth hormone will not help a person who has reached his maximum height any taller, it can help the user maintain muscle tone and help maintain joint health.

Sytropin Works Better than HGH Supplement Pills

A number of companies sell over-the-counter pills containing the human growth hormone, but the pills are difficult to take and easy to forget. The body also has a harder time supplementing pills than it does other supplement forms. The best solution for a person who wants to benefit from the health-enhancing qualities of HGH is sytropin. Sytropin is a human growth hormone spray that takes the place of pills.

Sytropin, like all other forms of human growth hormone, will reduce the effects of aging and prevent new wrinkles from forming. The spray can be combined with other supplement and changes to the user's diet as a part of a person's overall health. Because this hormone is produced in the human body, a person who wants to benefit from it cannot increase his levels by eating foods that are rich in human growth hormone. He must find a synthetic or natural way to supplement it. Prescription injections of HGH are the most effective sources of human growth hormones, but prescription human growth hormone is only prescribed for very specific conditions.

Sytropin is Safer than Injections

Sytropin replaces the dangerous and painful injections that are the most common delivery method for the Human Growth Hormone. The all-natural sytropin removes the need to inject the body with the hormone, and because it is not synthetic, it has very few side effects when the human body absorbs the product. The spray lets it be absorbed directly into the skin.

An all-natural HGH spray offers another advantage over the painful injections.

A user can order a bottle of Sytropin and have it arrive in his mail box within a few days of his purchase. When the bottle arrives, the user opens the package and points the bottle to the back of his throat. The spray enters the body and the bloodstream almost directly.

A Sytropin user should not expect to get results from the product as quickly as he would for HGH shots, but the trade-off comes because the spray does not cause any adverse effects as long as it is used as directed.

People around the world have are discovering HGH as a fountain of youth. Why not order a bottle of Sytropin and see what human growth hormone can do for you. It may not be the fabled fountain of youth once sought by Spanish explorers, but it does restore the levels of HGH in a person over 30 to the same levels he experienced when he was younger. You will look better, feel better and gain more energy than you had before. You also don't have to spend years exploring Florida looking for something that was not there.

Predicting Bacteria Mutation

        There are many mechanisms by which organisms become resistant [to antibiotics, for example] and many of them are very fancy, devilishly clever. One focus of our work has been trying to develop technology, particularly algorithms and software, that could help in the battle against resistance to antibiotics.

There are many ways that bacteria become resistant. One of the ways is as follows: The worker molecules in a cell are proteins. They might perform a step in a pathway to synthesizing important molecules for the bacteria. Many drugs work by trying to block that interaction in the pathogen. One way bacteria evade drugs is they evolve to make changes to the target proteins. [They can evolve mutations] that still allow the native function [of the bacteria] to happen and should block the association of the drug molecule.

How can we deal with these things? There are many approaches. If you have a new drug, you can perform experiments to see how [bacteria] might evolve in order to evade them. It’s time-consuming and expensive. [It's more common to] take your best guess, go through clinical trials, deploy the antibiotics and wait until the resistance mutations surface. You’ll find people resistant to these [drugs]. You have to find out why they’re resistant, isolate the proteins that have mutated in the bugs and the drug design starts again. It’s kind of like an arms race. We have a catalog of ways that proteins have become resistant in the past.

My lab specializes in protein design. We said, Why can’t we use the protein design algorithms to predict ahead of time — without any catalog? We do a positive design and a negative design. In the positive design, we redesign the protein in MRSA to still do its native function, but with different mutations. The negative design is to disable the inhibitor, so it doesn’t bind. You intersect those two lists. If you find mutations that are predicted to destabilize the inhibitor and make viable the native function of the protein, then those are good candidate mutants. If you made those proteins, [they] would exhibit the properties the pathogen wants — not binding the inhibitor and still doing its native function.

Our algorithm works by predicting the structures of the mutants [the bacteria is] thinking about. The structure of the mutant [in the lab] was very close to the structure predicted by our algorithm. We really didn’t know ahead of time how the proteins could change in order to evade a drug.

        

          Drug design is exactly where we want to go. Resistance is everywhere. Because our algorithm is based on predicting interactions between a protein and an inhibitor and also stabilizing a native function, we think it could be applied for different kinds of bacterial resistance. Other possibilities would be viral resistance. Great examples would be HIV, influenza, herpes. It’s also possible, in principle, to model some of the types of resistance that cancer cells will evolve [to] anti-cancer therapeutics. We think we have a chance of predicting resistance ahead of time. Knowledge of that potential resistance could be used early in the drug design process.

Magnesium sulfate Precautions on Pregnancy

Magnesium sulfate has been assigned to pregnancy category A by the FDA. Studies in pregnant women have not shown evidence of fetal risk if magnesium sulfate is administered during any trimesters of pregnancy. However, because studies cannot completely rule out the possibility of harm, magnesium sulfate injection is only recommended for use during pregnancy when benefit outweighs risk.

Newborns may show signs of magnesium toxicity (i.e. respiratory and/or neuromuscular depression) if the mother has received intravenous magnesium sulfate prior to delivery (especially if for a period of longer than 24 hours). Equipment for assisted ventilation as well as intravenous calcium should be immediately available for the first 24 to 48 hours after delivery. One study has reported that maternal magnesium sulfate treatment is associated with reduced brain blood flow perfusion in preterm infants. However, intravenous magnesium sulfate did not lead to lower neonate apgar scores in a study of women treated for pre-eclampsia even though the newborn's cord level indicated hypermagnesemia. The mean cord magnesium level (5.3 mEq/100 mL) was equivalent to the mean maternal serum level. Cord serum magnesium levels do not usually correlate with infant toxicity. The Collaborative Perinatal Project monitored 50,282 mother-child pairs, 141 of which had been exposed to magnesium sulfate during pregnancy. No reports or evidence were found linking congenital birth defects with magnesium sulfate. A study of 7000 offspring of mothers treated for pre-eclampsia noted no adverse effects due to magnesium sulfate therapy in the fetuses or newborns. One study compared the newborn of women with pregnancy-induced hypertension who received magnesium sulfate with women who did not receive treatment. Neurologic behavior in the infants was similar in both groups except that the exposed group had decreased active tone of the neck extensors the day after birth. Long-term infusions of magnesium (such as those used for tocolysis) may lead to persistent hypocalcemia and congenital rickets in the fetus. Case reports of 2 women receiving 9 or 14 weeks of intravenous magnesium therapy prior to delivery noted bony abnormalities. Slight hypocalcemia occurred in one infant. Both infants were treated with intravenous calcium for 3 to 5 days and then given bottle feedings without added calcium or vitamin D. The only noted physical abnormality at 3 year follow-up was dental enamel hypoplasia in one infant. Fetal hypermagnesemia may have decreased parathyroid hormone release and lead to fetal hypocalcemia. The combination of in-utero acquired magnesium sulfate and gentamicin (administered after birth) may lead to respiratory depression in the newborn. The mechanism of this interaction is not known. Animal studies have confirmed this drug interaction.

Hospital Admissions In Children With Gastroenteritis

Gastroenteritis is an infection, often caused by a virus, that causes vomiting and diarrhea. It is often popularly called “stomach flu” and is a very common ailment in children during the winter months.
In the emergency department at UNC Hospitals, five to 10 children a day are seen with symptoms of gastroenteritis, said Dr. Michael J. Steiner, assistant professor of pediatrics and a co-author of the study.
Persistent vomiting from acute gastroenteritis can be very frightening to children and their families and also poses a risk of dehydration. Current practice guidelines do not recommend that doctors give medications to children with gastroenteritis, but several recent studies suggest that ondansetron might be helpful.
In addition, Steiner said, many doctors are already prescribing ondansetron “off-label” for children with gastroenteritis. It has not been approved by the Food and Drug Administration for that indication, although it is approved for treating nausea caused by chemotherapy in cancer patients.
To find out if there was valid scientific support for giving antiemetics to children with gastroenteritis, DeCamp, Steiner and two UNC colleagues -- Dr. Julie S. Byerly, assistant professor of pediatrics, and medical student Nipa Doshi -- conducted a systematic review of all the medical literature studying the use of antiemetics for gastroenteritis.
The 11 identified previously published studies evaluated the safety and effectiveness of seven different antiemetics that were given to children seen in hospital emergency departments.  The authors found that antiemetics other than ondansetron should not be used in children with gastroenteritis.
A meta-analysis (a statistical way to combine different studies) found that ondansetron, which is sold under the brand name Zofran and is available as an intravenous infusion, tablet, disintegrating tablet or in liquid forms, reduced further vomiting after receipt in the emergency department. Importantly, it also reduced the likelihood that children would require intravenous fluids by nearly two-thirds, and halved the risk of immediate hospital admission. Ondansetron also had one down side:  It was found to increase diarrhea in 3 of the 6 studies.  However, the authors found this increased diarrhea did not appear to cause an increased need for further medical care.